Polozovych in Khmilnyk by Przecław Lanckoroński in Bar by Bernard Pretwicz) as well as Samuel Zborowski, Prince Dmytro Vyshnevetsky (Baida), Prince B. They were organized by the local officials (in Cherkasy by Ostafii Dashkevych and S. A second category of Cossacks, known as town Cossacks ( horodovi kozaky), was formed for the defense of the towns. The Tatar raids forced the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to build fortresses in the southern region of Ukraine (in Kaniv, Cherkasy, Vinnytsia, Khmilnyk, Bratslav, Bar, and elsewhere). In the mid-16th century the Cossack structure in the Zaporizhia was created in the process of the steppe settlers' struggle against Tatar raids. The important political role played by the Ukrainian Cossacks in the history of their nation distinguishes them from the Russian Cossacks.įirst period (1550–1648). The history of the Ukrainian Cossacks has three distinct aspects: their struggle against the Tatars and the Turks in the steppe and on the Black Sea their participation in the struggle of the Ukrainian people against socioeconomic and national-religious oppression by the Polish magnates and their role in the building of an autonomous Ukrainian state.
By the end of the 15th century the name acquired a wider sense and was applied to those Ukrainians who went into the steppes to practice various trades and engage in hunting, fishing, beekeeping, the collection of salt and saltpeter, and so on. It is also found in Byzantine sources and in the instructions issued by Italian cities to their colonies on the Black Sea coast, where it is applied to armed men who were engaged in military service in frontier regions and protected trade caravans traveling the steppe routes.
In European sources the term first appears in a dictionary of the Cuman language in the mid-13th century. The name Cossack (Ukrainian: козак kozak) is derived from the Turkic kazak (free man), meaning anyone who could not find his appropriate place in society and went into the steppes, where he acknowledged no authority.
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